| Increased cost of construction materials (sand becoming expensive) (Devi et al., 2023) | Devi et al., 2023 |
| Destruction of infrastructures e.g. bridges and hydraulic structures | Ghosh et al., 2016; Jayappa and Deepika, 2018; Prasad et al., 2016, 2020; Padmalal et al., 2008; Ramachandra et al., 2018; Sathya et al., 2023; Singh and Dhar, 1997 |
| Disruption of agricultural activities e.g. paddy rice farming | Bhattacharya et al., 2016, 2019a; Bisht and Gerber, 2017; Ghosh et al., 2020; Islam et al., 2022; Jana, 2021; Kaliraj et al., 2015; Manjunatha et al., 2012; Menon, 2021; Ramachandra et al., 2018; Sheik Mujabar and Chandrasekar, 2013; Singh et al., 2022; Sreekumari et al., 2016; Talukdar and Das, 2021 |
| Destruction of aquaculture and fish farms | Islam et al., 2022; Parthasarathy and Natesan, 2015; Sreebha and Padmalal, 2011 |
| Increased transboundary illegal sand mining trade | Bhatawdekar et al., 2021; Susheel Kumar et al., 2022 |
| Increased conflicts on the use of natural resources | Bisht, 2019, Bisht and Gerber, 2017; Ghosh et al., 2020; Prakash Chandar and Loganathan, 2022; Satish and Geetha, 2021; Szabo and Hegde, 2021 |
| Reduced water for irrigation | Bhattacharya and Das Chatterjee, 2021; Padmalal et al., 2008; Sarkar and Islam, 2021 |
| Environmental and social injustice against marginalized communities’ | Bisht, 2019; Jana, 2021; Satish and Geetha, 2021; Szabo and Hegde, 2021; Talukdar and Das, 2021 |
| Exposure of coastal people to toxic mineral compounds | Jha et al., 2000; Meenakshi and Mohankumar, 2013; Paul et al., 1994; Sundararajan et al., 2021 |
| Disruption of wild fishing activities e.g. negative impacts observed on crustacean and mollusk populations and fish breeding sites | Aarif et al., 2020; Abraham and Kelkar, 2012; Anitha and Usha, 2014; Bhatawdekar et al., 2021; Jayappa and Deepika, 2018; Jayaprakash et al., 2016; Menzies et al., 2021; Ramachandra et al., 2018; Satish and Geetha, 2021; Sebastian et al., 2012; Sheeba, 2009; Sheik Mujabar and Chandrasekar, 2013; Talukdar and Das, 2021 |
| Affected tourist/sacred cultural-religious and recreation picnic sites | Aarif et al., 2014; Bisht, 2019; Jayappa and Deepika, 2018; Jayaprakash et al., 2016; Karikar et al., 2019; Menon, 2021; Menzies et al., 2021; Padmalal et al., 2008; Prasad et al., 2020; Ray et al., 2020; Saha, 2015 |
| The emergence and influence of sand Mafias | Bhatawdekar et al., 2021; Bisht, 2019; Ramya and Nivetha Kumari, 2020 |
| Increased prevalence of deadly pests e.g. mosquitoes that cause malaria as riverbed degradation has created artificial pools-a breeding ground for mosquitoes e.g. along Damodar River between Sillaghat and Sadarghat of West Bengal (Ghosh et al., 2016). | Ghosh et al., 2016 |
| Reduced economic sustainability of mining factories relying on heavy metal concentrations. | Prasad et al., 2016 |
| Reduced provision/access to a source of fresh drinking water | Manjunatha et al., 2012; Padmalal et al., 2012; Sreebha and Padmalal, 2011; Sreekumari et al., 2016 |