| Degradation of rivers e.g. riverbanks ecosystems and systems | Anand and Reddy, 2014; Murugesan et al., 2020; Nithya et al., 2017; Padmalal and Maya, 2014c; Sathya et al., 2023 |
| Lowering of groundwater table | Bhattacharya et al., 2019a; Padmalal and Maya, 2014d; Sathya et al., 2023; Sheeba, 2009 |
| Changes in river channel morphology thus leading to several channel effects e.g. the 2018 floods along the Mayurakshi River in Jharkhand | Bhattacharya et al., 2016, 2019b; Bhattacharya and Das Chatterjee, 2021; Ghosh et al., 2016, 2020; Islam et al., 2022; Jana, 2021; Saha, 2015; Sheeba, 2009; Sreebha and Padmalal, 2011; Szabo and Hegde, 2021; Talukdar and Das, 2021 |
| Reduced groundwater quality and salinity due to high levels of silicate weathering and the creation of sinkholes | Arunkumar and Joseph, 2006; Bhatawdekar et al., 2021, 2019c; Padmalal et al., 2012; Sarkar and Islam, 2021; Sreebha and Padmalal, 2011; Sundararajan et al., 2021 |
| Reduced groundwater availability e.g. from the river beds | Bhatawdekar et al., 2021; Bhattacharya et al., 2019a; Jaglan and Chaudhary, 2014; Kaliraj et al., 2015; Manjunatha et al., 2012; Padmalal et al., 2008; Sarkar and Islam, 2021 |
| Creation of riverbank depressions that harbor vectors On marine environment | Basavana Gowda et al., 2019; Talukdar and Das, 2021 |
| Reduced dry compressive strength of beach sand due to removal (level of sand grains resistance due to exposure to stresses) | Devi et al., 2023; Elavenil et al., 2017; Padmalal et al., 2008; Pandya et al., 2023; Parthasarathy and Natesan, 2015; Prasad et al., 2016 |
| Saltwater intrusion into coastal aquifers e.g. in the mouth of Rivers | Kaliraj et al., 2015; Sathya et al., 2023; Sheeba, 2009; Singh et al., 2022; Sreekumari et al., 2016 |
| Coastal sensitivity to shoreline and morphological changes i.e. erosion and accretion | Anitha and Usha, 2014; Basavana Gowda et al., 2019; Panigrahi, 2005; Prakash Chandar and Prithviraj, 1988; Sheik and Chandrasekar, 2011; Sheik Mujabar and Chandrasekar, 2013; Singh et al., 2022; Thakur et al., 2014 |
| Increased erosion of beach sediments with several ramifications | Padmalal and Maya, 2014b; Parthasarathy and Natesan, 2015; Prasad et al., 2020; Satish and Geetha, 2021; Singh et al., 2022 |
| Destruction of waterway banks and beachfront | Elavenil et al., 2017; Jayappa and Deepika, 2018; Prasad et al., 2020; Ramya and Nivetha Kumari, 2020; Susheel Kumar et al., 2022 |
| Increased seawater pollution. On biodiversity | Kamalakannan et al., 2017 |
| Damages to the biodiversity of the riverine and marine ecosystem | Fernandes et al., 2012; Kamboj and Kamboj, 2021; Padmalal and Maya, 2014a; Parthasarathy and Natesan, 2015; Sathya et al., 2023; Singh et al., 2022; Sushama and Radhakrishnan, 2010 |
| Ecological damage e.g. to coastal estuaries | Bhatawdekar et al., 2022; Bisht, 2019; Jayaprakash et al., 2016; Nithya et al., 2017; Prakash Chandar and Loganathan, 2022 |
| Endangering of critical habitats of unique bird species | Aarif et al., 2020; Bayani, 2020; Bhatawdekar et al., 2021; Karikar et al., 2019; Menon, 2021; Menzies et al., 2021; Nair et al., 2012; Ray et al., 2020; Sreebha and Padmalal, 2011 |
| Increased destruction of fishing zones and habitats e.g. in backwaters, mangroves, estuaries | Abraham and Kelkar, 2012; Baiju et al., 2009; Basavana Gowda et al., 2016, 2019; Karikar et al., 2019; Prasad et al., 2020; Sheeba, 2009; Sheeba and Ramanujan, 2005; Sheeba et al., 2004; Sreekumari et al., 2016 |
| Reduced species richness and biota Other | Bhattacharya et al., 2019b; Jayaprakash et al., 2016; Sunil et al., 2010 |
| Microclimate changes and the formation of heat islands | Muthamilselvan et al., 2016 |